Nature or Nurture the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Essay Example

Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Essay NORTHERN CARIBBEAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND SCIENCE Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Course: BIOL 395 GENETICS Section A TERM PAPER Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Presented By: Nathalia allen Monique Malcolm Davena shaw Shaneek Campbell Part 1 1. Assuming that the nurture theory is valid, David as Brenda will have female behavior and believe he is a girl. From a physical point of view he will not develop secondary characteristics. Based on how hormones work by removing his testicles they denied him of his secondary characteristics. After puberty he would not have testicles to produce testosterone which would make him deficit of his secondary characteristics. 2. If Bruce was not subjected to gender reassignment surgery and raised as a boy, he would express the gender identity of a male. This is so because during the growing or maturing process he would recognize that he has more features of a male than of a female, physically. Although his genitals may look abnormal, he still has other features of a male. Part 2 1. According to the nature view of psychosexual differentiation, prenatal exposure to androgen could influence the development of gender identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer David’s experience did not support the nurture theory. None of his characteristics supported the nurture theory. David being neat and tidy was not a feminine characteristic but rather one that was imposed upon by his mother. 2. According to the article David as Brenda resisted the treatment to be raised as gentle lady and eventually became unmanageable. Brenda frequently resisted girl’s toys, activities and clothing. He also mimicked her father’s behavior rather than her mother. She complained that she felt like a boy and viewed her physical characteristics as more masculine than feminine. Part3 1. They agree to a small extent as it relates to the nature theory. As seen with the rodents, once the neonates were exposed to testosterone (the male sex hormone) they would display male behavior; even the castrated male once exposed to this hormone would still show male traits due to its impact genetically. Similarly the controls; untreated males and females) exhibited male and female characteristics respectively as this was somewhat intrinsic based on their genome, that is, what is contained in their genetic makeup and not dependent on the environment they were raised in. his is synonymous with the studies done with 16 males in that the majority of genetically male children behaved as male despite being raised as females. This behavior was already encoded in their DNA. However, with the 43 girls, the effect of testosterone was nil on the behavior of the girls. They therefore did not act like boys even if they developed male genitalia. This does not support the nature theory as seen with the above examples. 2. The advice to parents would be not to reassign the child’s gender and by virtue of having the testicles the child’s brain would develop masculine characteristics and sexual male characteristics would develop at the onset of puberty. According to the article (gorski and Johnson) â€Å"brief exposure to the testosterone early in life promotes development of brain in ways that allow male behavior to be as an adult† 3. Based on the nature theory homosexual behavior in men and women can be related to hormonal imbalance. Sexual orientation is determined by the early levels (probably prenatal) of androgen on relevant neural structures. If highly exposed to these androgens, the fetus will become masculinized, or attracted to females. The reverse is true. 4. Based on the nurture theory homosexual behavior in men and women can be based upon environmental influences and that includes peer pressure, low self-esteem and parental influences. Experiment 5. Aim: To observe the effects of neonatal castration upon sexual and aggressive behavior in male and female chimpanzees. Hypothesis: It is speculated that aggression in male and female chimpanzees was an innate behavior rather than learnt behavior. It is also speculated that this behavior only occurs in male chimpanzees. Method: 100 female chimpanzees were identified in a population. An ultrasound was done to ensure that the females would produce 50 male offspring and 50 female offspring. Each newborn was then castrated one day after birth. 25 females were treated with testosterone and 25 males were treated with estrogen, the other 25 females were treated with estrogen and the remaining 25 males were treated with testosterone. The behavior of each newborn was observed over a two year period. Expected results: Based on the nature theory the 25 females that would be treated with the testosterone and the 25 males that would be treated with estrogen the concept of hormonal imbalance would have caused the production of two much or two little androgen. The hormone that was introduced would have interfered with the normal distribution of hormone in both male and female. The 50 offspring that were treated with their original hormones would display normal behavior. Aggressive behavior in females could have been due to two much production of testosterone and the behavior in males could have been due to the production of too much estrogen. It is common for adult male chimpanzees to act in an aggressive manner as such based on the nurture theory this behavior could have been imposed upon by parents or the environment that the offspring came from. This experiment has not been done due to ethical factors. It is not humane to perform castration on so many chimpanzees. The mere fact that some species are endangered would limit the amount of species that can be used in experiments and lessen the number of species to be preserved in the environment. Many experiments have been done and these have lowered the quality of life of these species. References Bull, J. J. , Pease, C. M. (2003) Biological Correlates of Being Gay: retrieved March 27, 2003 from http://www. utexas. edu/courses/bio301d/Topics/Gay/Text. html Joseph, J. (2004)The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope. New York: Algora Kagan, J Segal, J. , Havemann, E. (2004) Psychology an Introduction 9th Edition: WadsworthThomas L earning. Belmont CA. Riemann, A. ; Jang, K. L. ; McCrae, R. R. ; Angleitner, R. ; Livesley, W. J. (1998). Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (6): 1556–1565.

World Civilizations Essays

World Civilizations Essays World Civilizations Essay World Civilizations Essay Ancient world civilizations date back from 3500-500 BC. Some of the early ancient include Egypt, the Roman Empire, the Baghvad Gita, Mesopotamia and Deities of Warriors to mention a few.. Research conducted by scholars indicate that civilizations did not begin in the west as most people believe. As a matter of fact ancient civilization began from the northern desert and the Mediterranean regions. Civilization was not an event but a process. It therefore did not happen spontaneously but took length of time.There are various ancient civilizations as already mentioned which include Egypt, Mesopotamia, Warriors and Deities in the Near East, India’s Beginnings, Ancient China among others.   This paper focuses on each one of them analyzing how each was established.The history of ancient Egypt was characterized by fascination. Egypt is actually of the ancient establishments that may be said to have been rich in civilizations.   Some of the memorable fascinations that characterize Egypt’s civilization included; the pyramids, the sphinx, Chariots of the Gods, writings wall paintings and a whole lot of works of art.   These among others help us understand the style and way of life in ancient Egypt including their way of life. The geographical location of Egypt is north eastern of the African continent. It took slighting above 300 years.   Civilization of ancient Egypt was also characterized of control of resources both human and natural.   Other activities included irrigation, mining of minerals, trade and military ventures.Mesopotamia is also another ancient civilization whose geographical location is between two rivers known as Tigris and Euphrates.   Mesopotamia is actually said to be the first world civilization among all other ancient civilizations.   Some major activities that characterized ancient Mesopotamia included construction of levees to control destructive flooding.   Irrigation using canals was also very common.   History ha s it that the southern part of Mesopotamia came to be known as Sumer and thus the residents were known as Sumerians.   The Sumerians had civilized systems of administration where they organized themselves in city states.   Their place of worship was known as Ziggurat and only priests were allowed since it was a sacred place.   Every city state had at lease one temple.   Other characteristics of ancient Mesopotamia included was an ancient form of writing known as Cuneiform and Stylus which was instrument made from reed which they used to write. Young boys also attended a school known Edubba after which they graduated to scribes.Also classified among the ancient world civilizations is China whose history of establishment dates back to 15th century BC.   The major characteristic of this ancient civilization is the writings which looked like turtle shells. However China is known to have experienced political instability. This may have been as a result of the various dynasties that constituted the whole Kingdom.   Originally ancient China was made up of city states which later grew to dynasties.   China administration was based on dynasties until recently.In the Near East the Major characteristic was warriors and Deities.   The warriors were considered stronger active and more hardworking than other people.   There were gods who facilitated the success of war. In conclusion every ancient civilization had some features which characterized its establishment.   However, as noted all civilizations took quite a process.   All civilizations have however changed and most of them are now modern.

Laws in the Employment Sector Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Laws in the Employment Sector - Research Paper Example The law sets a certain framework with which some industrial cases can be solved. Industrial researchers lament that the majority of employers were exploited by their rich and influential employers due to lack of appropriate laws to protect the employees. To date, there have been scenarios where multi-million companies are closed or charged for violating some employees’ rights. However, the laws are also meant to mean to protect the employer on any false allegations by the employee for compensations. The employment Act of the United States ensures that the employer would appreciate the health of his/her employees for increased productivity and national economy development. The government appreciates the fact that the nation can only be built by healthy citizens. The government is strict on expectant employees. The law compels the employer, either public or private sector to allocate a reasonable duration for the expectant employee to deliver then later return to work. The law f urther requires the male, whose wife is expecting a special leaf to accompany or comfort the wife during her maternity. The employee is entitled to full payment during the maternity and paternity leave. This law took time to be implemented more so in the private sector. The companies’ attorneys argued that the employee should be subjected to a half salary scheme during the leave. But the final verdict compelled the employer to offer full payment to both their male and female employees. Employees’ health must be insured by reputable insurance companies as per the contracts. This is to enable the employees and their family member’s access health care in any private or public hospitals depending on the insurance bonds. The law requires that all workers in a certain organization should have health insurance despite the role he/she plays in the organization (Jean, 2000). A few decades ago, only specialized professionals enjoyed health insurance. But the law intervene d and currently, all employees despite the experience or academic background are entitled to health insurance. The law also compels the employee to cater for the employee treatment bills in case of accidents and injuries within the working institution. This law has compelled several employers to ensure their employees work in a safe environment. Companies ensure there is enough light, air circulation and space to limit chances of accidents or injuries. The law requires that every employee should be subjected to clean and healthy environment to boost the employees’ productivity. Furthermore, employees in industrial or machinery environment should wear protective clothing like goggles, helmets, boots and overalls among others. This is to protect workers from minor injuries in their respective workplaces. There should working fire extinguishers in work places as a disaster preparedness response. Finally, the law requires the availability of fully equipped first aid kits to provi de first aid or primary treatment in case of emergencies in such workplaces. The law recognizes unions or cooperatives in the work places. This implies several employees in a certain organization or from different organizations with but with same interests forming defined groups of a certain number of individuals to run a specific saving scheme. The employees are entitled to some loans by the company and run their parallel business from that of the parent organization.

Qualitative Executive Summary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Qualitative Executive Summary - Research Paper Example ple, they feel unappreciated in their communities and hence engage in immoral activities such as premarital sex, drug addiction, robbery, murder, and rampage strikes in schools. Due to increase of such activities among high school students it was necessary for us to conduct a research on the reason for all these. The main reason of the study is to find out why such immoral activities happen mostly in high school. What is the main contributing factor towards such activities? In the same environment of study are there any high school students who don’t participate in immoral activities? What is the difference between this student and the others? The audience for our study will be determine on the following basis, that include people who interact with the high school students mostly ,i.e. parents of the students ,class teachers, their guardians, elder brothers and sisters. These people will help us answer certain questions about the high school students and how they behave. The main individual under study is the high school student and so the comments made will also be treated as a data towards achieving our goal of the study. The critical part of the study is lack of openness among high school students to other people. This is attributed to many factors such as the wide gap of age difference, advancement of technology in the modern world for instance face book, twitter and other social network making it hard for them to have one on one talk with their counselors. The question is what would most improve your guidance program? According to the study we are trying to engage the high school students to open up and share with us on how we can be of help to them in order to be a better person in the society. In the data we find that out of the 125 high school correspondents, 60 students prefer to be listened to and this is a huge number, it was followed by lack of good advisory on career choice, availability of counselors came in third. In this analysis, we can

Music Analysis Essay Example for Free

Music Analysis Essay â€Å"Bitch Bad† is popular hip-hop song performed by Chicago native rapper, Lupe Fiasco. The song depicts the word bitch in the many forms that it is used in today’s urban society. The song starts with a dark weary synthesizer and a heavy deep 808 drum pattern that reflects the sound that is used in many of today’s popular club/party songs. The words to the song shine a stereotypical light on â€Å"bad bitches,† but there is a twist. Fiasco highlights 3 significant points which is the basis of the song, â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good, lady better† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). By producing this song, Lupe Fiasco points out the relevance and impact that the term has on modern day youth. Fiasco also wanted to make an attempt to steer people in the opposite direction from the normal stereotype of the well-known and overrated term ‘bad bitch. ’ As the first verse starts, Fiasco brings listeners into the world of a young male, around the age of 4 or 5 that picks up on the music his mother listens to that has references of women as being bad bitches. Fiasco describes how the mother sings to the song playing and her son is listening to her sing along to the lyrics. Fiasco states the more the son hears his mother play this type of music, he develops a certain complex on how he views women that use the â€Å"bad bitch† phrase. By the son being such a tender age, he receives the song based on what he sees in his mother instead of the derogatory way the song is describing women. The young boy forms his own opinion of the bad bitch theory. His own mother, whom he looks up to and admires, calls herself a bad bitch, so he depicts the term â€Å"bad bitch† to be positive. To him it resembles a strong, independent, respectful woman because this is how he sees his mother, as opposed to a woman that is weak, dependent and unstable. The hook to the song â€Å"Bitch Bad† illuminates the 3 categories of women: bitch, woman, and lady. â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good/ Lady better, they misunderstood/ (Im killin these bitches)† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). These lyrics are self-explanatory. This hook is saying that being called a bitch is a bad thing, being called a woman is better, but being called a lady is phenomenal. Lupe Fiasco is trying to tell young girls, or young women, what they should be trying to aspire to be instead of trying to be what they see on the television screens or hear on the radio. More recently in urban society being a woman or a lady has lost its value. The message that Lupe Fiasco is trying to send out to the audience of this song is that being a bad bitch is not a positive look. In verse two of the song â€Å"Bad Bitch,† Fiasco breaks down how a young group of girls in their pre-teen stage listen to songs and watch music videos on the internet. The videos are uncensored and because they know more about the internet than their parents, they don’t get parental consent. Children tend to know a lot more about modern day technology than their parents. This is how children such as the ones described in this verse, are able to watch uncensored items online. The young girls are at an age where they need a positive female role model, but instead they are influenced by the women they see in music videos. These young girls receive a different persona of a bad bitch than the young boy in the first verse. Bad bitches to them are women that have sex appeal, skinny with big butts, and wear sexy and revealing clothing. As the song states â€Å"High heels, long hair, fat booty, slim They don’t see a paid actress, just what makes a bad bitch† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). The girls have this image in their heads, and without proper guidance, this is what they want to grow up to be. The third verse begins by Fiasco stating that he is not trying to teach children to use the term â€Å"bitch† but as a psychological way to let listeners know that he is against the use of the word. This verse combines the first two and it continues with the observation of how small the world really is and the young boy from the first verse and one of the young girls from the second verse meet. Fiasco continues on to illustrate how the boy is viewing the girl in an insolent way based on how she is dressed, but she is saying it in a sexual way. His viewing of a bad bitch is not what the girl is showcasing. Sure enough, in this little world/The little boy meets one of those little girls/And he thinks she a bad bitch/And she thinks she a bad bitch/He thinks disrespectfully/She thinks of that sexually/She got the wrong idea/He don’t wanna fuck her/He thinks she’s bad at being a bitch/Like his mother† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). She is flaunting her half-dressed body i n front of him, yet he is telling her that his mother didn’t do things like that, and that is what he knows to be a bad bitch. The young man fostered his view on the term from what he saw in his mother, a respectful woman. They young lady obtained her view from the flashy video girls she saw in music videos. The term ‘bad’ back in earlier years portrayed a woman who had her life together and was sexy in a respectful way. She was the woman that didn’t need assistance from the male counterpart. Black moguls in the rap/hip hop community, such as Dame Dash, Russell Simmons, Nicki Minaj, and Jay-Z have taken the word ‘bad’ and made the ‘bitch’ addition and spread it through the black culture. Now a female who has lower standards perceives that she’s a bad bitch because she is being uplifted by the black urban community. Society today can take the term â€Å"bad bitch’ as being either good or bad. Marc Hogan, writer for Spin Magazine, stated â€Å"Clearly, something has changed in hop hop’s relationship with anti-woman slurs†¦and that’s ostensibly what Lupe Fiasco tries to address†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hogan). The perception of women slurs all depend on individual perceptions and how much impact social media has on an individual. This song released in August 2012. Upon its music video release, MTV did an interview with Lupe Fiasco. During this interview, Fiasco stated that he â€Å"just wanted to have a conversation,† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe also suggested that because there is no solidification to the term bad bitch, â€Å"†¦it’s definitely something that I think we should talk about because it’s so prevalent in our culture right now† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe is trying to get the world to understand that a bad bitch is a double standard as stated in the lyrics â€Å"Bad mean good to her/She really nice and smart/ But bad mean bad to him/Bitch don’t play your part/ But bitch still bad to her if you say it the wrong way/ But she think she a bitch/What a double entendre† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). Rob Markman stated that â€Å"Lupe Fiasco knows all too well the power of words. † This is very true. Fiasco’s music is well known in the hip hop industry for relaying some kind of message. Lupe Fiasco did precisely what he set out to do, spark a conversation and produce different point of views. â€Å"Depending on where you stand, the term â€Å"bad bitch† may have positive or negative connotations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Markman). Fiasco let the world know that is was more to being a ‘bad bitch’. What viewers see in music videos is only one perception. Needless to say, â€Å"†¦whether you consider â€Å"bitch† empowering or degrading, there is always something to ponder on† (Viera), and Lupe Fiasco definitely gave his listeners, and non-listeners, something to think about.

Hurricanes A-level :: essays research papers

Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Caribbean region and the South Eastern United States of America are regularly subjected to the impact of tropical hurricanes; (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Briefly outline characteristics of such hurricanes. The hurricanes that occur over the Caribbean region and the United States of America usually eventuate between August and October. For these hurricanes to occur the surrounding ocean temperatures must be minimal, also there must be a prolonged spell of equable temperature, pressure and humidity in the lower troposphere in conjunction with anti-cyclonic conditions in the upper troposphere. These conditions cause intense low pressure and strong winds at the earth’s surface. For their to be enough energy for the hurricane to move, it is essential that there is a considerable source of heat. This is necessary to maintain a consistent supply of rising air in the form of currents. There needs to be a large supply of moisture, as it is necessary for condensation to take place in order to release latent heat and it is the latent heat that initiates the development of the storm and consequently produces heavy rainfall. When the hurricane reaches its maturity an eye develops in the centre, in the eye there is a relative area of subsiding pressure. Which is what causes clear skies, anomalous high temperatures and light winds. Eventually the eye disappears as a result of the descending air increasing instability, which in turn warms and increases the storms intensity. Around the eye there are towering Cumulo-nimbus clouds. The hurricanes decline as soon as the source of heat is lost/or removed. Although it can take between 9 and 15 days for this to happen. Winds immediately around a hurricane’s ‘eye’, which is usually about 32km (20 miles) across, reach more than 300 km/h (190 mph). But in the eye itself seen in the centre of the spiral-the weather is clear and calm. (B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the various types of damage caused by the passage of these hurricanes CATEGORY 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Winds 118-152 Km/hour (64-82 Knots). Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, poorly constructed signs, and unanchored mobile homes. No significant damage to other structures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Storm surge 1-1.5m above tide. Low lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorages torn from moorings. CATEGORY 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Winds 154-176 Km/hour (83-95 Knots). Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Major damage to exposed mobile home. Some damage to exposed mobile homes. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage.

Admission to University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Right from a very young age I had always enjoyed helping people. As I grew up my involvement with helping people waxed tremendously. The consequence of this predilection was the development of a passionate desire to help the sick and ailing. I was extremely fortunate to realize my true calling in life at a very young age.At present I am in my senior year at the University of Houston. I will become a graduate in the spring of the year 2008. Subsequently, it is my heartfelt desire to be admitted to the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Furthermore, I am working as a treasurer for the Cougars Volunteer Association.Moreover, my main volunteer work is with respect to the work that I do at the Ben Taub General Hospital. Houston is home to a number of hospitals that are some of the best in the world. The Texas Medical Centre is a telling example of this fact. The Ben Taub General Hospital is an elite Level 1 Trauma Centre, with a very large intake of adults and children for treatment.My volunteer services require me to visit each patient, in order to ascertain that they obtain what they need. I had been awarded a pharmacy technician certificate and I had been working at a pharmacy as a pharmacy technician, prior to my current volunteer service at the Ben Taub General Hospital.  I am ecstatic at helping and working with patients, especially the old, the infirm and children. This has dictated my choice to become a nurse. I have learned to treat challenges as stepping stones and not stopping stones to success. One such major challenge that arose was consequent to my having to work while studying as a full – time student.This challenge caused me a great deal of difficulty, nevertheless, I was able to overcome it and in the process I became that much more experienced in handling a combination of hard work, stress and paucity of time. This particular challenge gave me the confidence to attain any goal that I set my sights on.In the year 1972 The University of Texas School of Nursing at Houston was established. At present it is one of the best schools for learning the art and science of nursing. The Texas Medical Center is home to the School of Nursing campus. It provides all the benefits and expertise of a world class Health Science Center.The University Of Texas Houston School Of Nursing provides a wide choice of course work, which culminates in the BSN, MSN, PhD or DNP degree. The methodology of imparting knowledge at this school is flexible and students can learn, work on research projects and participate in clinical practice in multifarious ways (School of Nursing at Houston, 2007).In addition, this school has assimilated the latest developments in technology. Accordingly, facilities like teleconferencing and satellite communications are widely used to enable contact with distant locations. Moreover, this technology has made it possible for classes to be conducted simultaneously at Houston and other sites.The Universit y Of Texas School Of Nursing at Houston provides a number of highly innovative programs and one such program that is offered in collaboration with the UTMB is a baccalaureate nursing program, which is spread over three semesters.This program caters to the need of students who possess a degree and who are desirous of joining the nursing profession. Instructions are provided online. Moreover, there are eleven masters programs, which hone the specialty care skills of nurses and ensure their professional advancement. The faculty is excellent and consists of some of the greatest nursing professionals (School of Nursing at Houston, 2007).Nursing is not only an art but also a science and concentrates on enabling families, people and society to achieve, recover and maintain the best possible health. Modern nursing aims at engendering improving the quality of life by ensuring the best of mental and physical health. Nursing has been extremely successful in achieving this great objective.The a ct of rendering relief to a sick person provides immense satisfaction. This extremely noble profession has been succinctly described by the American Nurses Association as â€Å"Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations.†This is very much in consonance with my objectives in life.Therefore, I am exceedingly keen to study at this venerable school of nursing. It is my life’s passion to succor the sick, infirm, old and children and to this end the best profession is that of nursing. As such, any person who whole – heartedly participates in the academic programs of this school is certain to become a very good nurse.ReferencesSchool of Nursing at Houston. (2007, June 11). Retrieved November 6, 2007, from The University of Texas: http:// son.uth.tmc.edu/School of Nursing at Houston. (2007, June 11). Retrieved November 6, 2007, from The University of Texas: http://son.uth.tmc.edu/education/